Otto, Prof. Sijbren

Sijbren Otto is Professor of Systems Chemistry. He studies ‘chemical evolution’. His research group developed a model system of molecules that can make copies of themselves, and showed that diversity can also occur as a result of the mutation of replicators. Otto researches whether biological systems such as synthesis and degradation can be applied to synthetic chemistry and whether this may lead to synthesized life.

Life-emulating molecules show basic metabolism

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Otto on chemical evolution

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In 2017, he was awarded a prestigious € 2.5 million ERC grant to investigate the possibilities of synthesizing life de-novo in the lab. Otto hopes to take the next steps to bridge the gap between chemistry and biology by building fully synthetic systems. These systems have the essential elements of life: replication, metabolism and compartmentalization. Up to now, it has not been possible to integrate these characteristics in a fully synthetic system. In 2020, Otto was appointed a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW).

In 2021, Otto was awarded the James Flack Norris Award in Physical Organic Chemistry of the American Chemical Society for his leading contribution to establishing the field of systems chemistry. Besides Sijbren Otto, Ben Feringa is the only Dutch scientist that has received this award (in 2007).

In 2023 the European Research Council has awarded Otto an ERC Synergy Grant of EUR 3.4 million for hisproject 'MINILIFE'.

You can find an overview of Sijbren Otto's work on building artificial life here. Or view a visual story of Sijbren Otto's work here.

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Publications

2026

van Esterik, K. S., Marchetti, T., & Otto, S. (2026). Building Molecules by a Self-Replicator That Catalyzes Acyl Hydrazone Formation. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 65(10), Article e06986. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202506986

2025

Kriebisch, C. M. E., Bantysh, O., Baranda Pellejero, L., Belluati, A., Bertosin, E., Dai, K., de Roy, M., Fu, H., Galvanetto, N., Gibbs, J. M., Gomez, S. S., Granatelli, G., Griffo, A., Guix, M., Gurdap, C. O., Harth-Kitzerow, J., Haugerud, I. S., Häfner, G., Jaiswal, P., ... Otto, S. (2025). A roadmap toward the synthesis of life. Chem, 11(3), Article 102399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2024.102399

Brannetti, S., Gentile, S., Del Grosso, E., Otto, S., & Ricci, F. (2025). Covalent Dynamic DNA Networks to Translate Multiple Inputs into Programmable Outputs. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 147(7), 5755–5763. Article 4c13854. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c13854

Liu, K., Markovitch, O., van Ewijk, C., Knelissen, Y. K., Kiani, A., Eleveld, M., Roos, W. H., & Otto, S. (2025). Selection for photocatalytic function through Darwinian evolution of synthetic self-replicators. Nature Catalysis, 8(10), 1000-1009. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-025-01409-3

2024

Eleveld, M. J., Geiger, Y., Wu, J., Kiani, A., Schaeffer, G., & Otto, S. (2025). Competitive exclusion among self-replicating molecules curtails the tendency of chemistry to diversify. Nature Chemistry, 17(1), 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01664-0

Eleveld, M. J., Wu, J., Liu, K., Ottelé, J., Markovitch, O., Kiani, A., Herold, L. C., Lasorsa, A., van der Wel, P. C. A., & Otto, S. (2025). Departure from randomness: Evolution of self-replicators that can self-sort through steric zipper formation. Chem, 11, Article 102374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2024.11.012

Liu, K., Blokhuis, A. W. P., Dijt, S. J., Wu, J., Hamed, S., Kiani, A., Matysiak, B. M., & Otto, S. (2025). Molecular-scale dissipative chemistry drives the formation of nanoscale assemblies and their macroscale transport. Nature Chemistry, 17(1), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-024-01665-z

Markovitch, O., Wu, J., & Otto, S. (2024). Binding of Precursors to Replicator Assemblies Can Improve Replication Fidelity and Mediate Error Correction. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 63(14), Article e202317997. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202317997

Brasnett, C., Kiani, A., Sami, S., Otto, S., & Marrink, S. J. (2024). Capturing chemical reactions inside biomolecular condensates with reactive Martini simulations. Communications chemistry, 7(1), Article 151. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-024-01234-y

Cvrtila, I., & Otto, S. (2024). Emergent Behavior of a Photoswitchable Solute in a Biphasic Solvent System. Chemistry – A European Journal, 30(72), Article e202403157. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202403157

Komáromy, D., Monzón, D. M., Marić, I., Monreal Santiago, G., Ottelé, J., Altay, M., Schaeffer, G., & Otto, S. (2024). Generalist versus Specialist Self-Replicators. Chemistry – A European Journal, 30(20), Article e202303837. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202303837

Jin, Y., Mandal, P. K., Wu, J., Kiani, A., Zhao, R., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2024). Light-Mediated Interconversion between a Foldamer and a Self-Replicator. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 146(49), 33395–33402. Article 4c09114. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c09114

Sood, A., Mandal, P. K., Ottelé, J., Wu, J., Eleveld, M., Hatai, J., Pappas, C. G., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2024). Simultaneous Formation of a Foldamer and a Self-Replicator by Out-of-Equilibrium Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 146(49), 33386–33394. Article 4c09111. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.4c09111

2023

Ashkenasy, G., Kauffman, S., Lancet, D., Otto, S., Ruiz-Mirazo, K., Semenov, S., & Xavier, J. (2023). Collectively autocatalytic sets. Cell Reports Physical Science, 4(10), Article 101594. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101594

Yang, S., Geiger, Y., Geerts, M., Eleveld, M. J., Kiani, A., & Otto, S. (2023). Enantioselective Self-Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145(30), 16889-16898. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.3c05472

Liu, K., Blokhuis, A., van Ewijk, C., Kiani, A., Wu, J., Roos, W. H., & Otto, S. (2023). Light-driven eco-evolutionary dynamics in a synthetic replicator system. Nature Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-023-01301-2

Jin, Y., Mandal, P. K., Wu, J., Böcher, N., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2023). (Re-)Directing Oligomerization of a Single Building Block into Two Specific Dynamic Covalent Foldamers through pH. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 145(5), 2822-2829. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.2c09325

Marić, I., Yang, L., Li, X., Monreal Santiago, G., Pappas, C. G., Qiu, X., Dijksman, J. A., Mikhailov, K., van Rijn, P., & Otto, S. (2023). Tailorable and Biocompatible Supramolecular-Based Hydrogels Featuring two Dynamic Covalent Chemistries. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 62(14), Article e202216475. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202216475

2022

Otto, S. (2022). An Approach to the De Novo Synthesis of Life. Accounts of Chemical Research, 55(2), 145-155. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00534

Hatai, J., Altay, Y., Sood, A., Kiani, A., Eleveld, M. J., Motiei, L., Margulies, D., & Otto, S. (2022). An Optical Probe for Real-Time Monitoring of Self-Replicator Emergence and Distinguishing between Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(7), 3074-3082. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c11594

Liu, K., Ottelé, J., & Otto, S. (2022). Emergent Catalysis by Self-Replicating Molecules. In P. W. N. M. van Leeuwen, & M. Raynal (Eds.), Supramolecular Catalysis: New Directions and Developments (pp. 605-614). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527832033.ch41

Liu, B., Wu, J., Geerts, M., Markovitch, O., Pappas, C. G., Liu, K., & Otto, S. (2022). Out-of-equilibrium self-replication allows selection for dynamic kinetic stability in a system of competing replicators. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 61(18), Article e202117605. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202117605

Camprubi, E., Markovitch, O., Muchowska, K. B., Otto, S., & ten Kate, I. L. (2022). Prebiotic chemistry: From dust to molecules and beyond. In New Frontiers in Astrobiology (pp. 19-47). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824162-2.00005-1

Bartolec, B., Kiani, A., Beatty, M. A., Altay, M., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2022). Selection of diverse polymorphic structures from a small dynamic molecular network controlled by the environment. Chemical Science, 13(48), 14300-14304. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2sc03909e

Schaeffer, G., Eleveld, M. J., Ottelé, J., Kroon, P. C., Frederix, P. W. J. M., Yang, S., & Otto, S. (2022). Stochastic Emergence of Two Distinct Self-Replicators from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 144(14), 6291-6297. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c12591

Maric, I., Otto, S., & Pappas, C. (2022). Tailor-made functionalized self-assembled peptide (nano)fibers and hydrogels, and methods, uses and kits related thereto. (Patent No. WO2022211624).

Matysiak, B. M., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2022). Teaching an Old Compound New Tricks: Reversible Transamidation in Maleamic Acids. Chemistry - A European Journal, 28(40), Article e202201043. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.202201043

2021

Yang, S., Schaeffer, G., Mattia, E., Markovitch, O., Liu, K., Hussain, A. S., Ottelé, J., Sood, A., & Otto, S. (2021). Chemical Fueling Enables Molecular Complexification of Self-Replicators. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 60(20), 11344-11349. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202016196

Liu, K., & Otto, S. (2021). Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry Out of Equilibrium. In N. Giuseppone, & A. Walther (Eds.), Out-of-Equilibrium (Supra)molecular Systems and Materials (pp. 215-239). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527821990.ch8

Liu, B., Beatty, M. A., Pappas, C. G., Liu, K., Ottelé, J., & Otto, S. (2021). Self-Sorting in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries Leads to the Co-Existence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 60(24), 13569-13573. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202101052

Komáromy, D., Tiemersma-Wegman, T., Kemmink, J., Portale, G., Adamski, P. R., Blokhuis, A., Aalbers, F. S., Marić, I., Santiago, G. M., Ottelé, J., Sood, A., Saggiomo, V., Liu, B., van der Meulen, P., & Otto, S. (2021). Stoichiometry alone can steer supramolecular systems on complex free energy surfaces with high selectivity. Chem, 7(7), 1933-1951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2021.05.020

Pappas, C. G., Liu, B., Marić, I., Ottelé, J., Kiani, A., van der Klok, M. L., Onck, P. R., & Otto, S. (2021). Two Sides of the Same Coin: Emergence of Foldamers and Self-Replicators from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 143(19), 7388–7393. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c00788

2020

Markovitch, O., Ottele, J., Veldman, O., & Otto, S. (2020). Automated device for continuous stirring while sampling in liquid chromatography systems. Communications chemistry, 3(1), Article 180. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-020-00427-5

Maity, S., Ottelé, J., Santiago, G. M., Frederix, P. W. J. M., Kroon, P., Markovitch, O., Stuart, M. C. A., Marrink, S. J., Otto, S., & Roos, W. H. (2020). Caught in the Act: Mechanistic Insight into Supramolecular Polymerization-Driven Self-Replication from Real-Time Visualization. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142(32), 13709-13717. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.0c02635

Ottelé, J., Hussain, A. S., Mayer, C., & Otto, S. (2020). Chance emergence of catalytic activity and promiscuity in a self-replicator. Nature Catalysis, 3(7), 547-553. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-020-0463-8

Markovitch, O., Kramer, B. H., Weissing, F. J., van Doorn, G. S., & Otto, S. (2020). Competition dynamics in a chemical system of self-replicating macrocycles. In J. Bongard, J. Lovato, L. Hebert-Dufrésne, R. Dasari, & L. Soros (Eds.), Artificial Life Conference Proceedings (Vol. 32, pp. 462-464). MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.1162/isal_a_00289

Monreal Santiago, G., Liu, K., Browne, W. R., & Otto, S. (2020). Emergence of light-driven protometabolism on recruitment of a photocatalytic cofactor by a self-replicator. Nature Chemistry, 12(7), 603-607. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-0494-4

Pappas, C. G., Mandal, P. K., Liu, B., Kauffmann, B., Miao, X., Komáromy, D., Hoffmann, W., Manz, C., Chang, R., Liu, K., Pagel, K., Huc, I., & Otto, S. (2020). Emergence of low-symmetry foldamers from single monomers. Nature Chemistry, 12(12), 1180-1186. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41557-020-00565-2

Adamski, P., Eleveld, M., Sood, A., Kun, Á., Szilágyi, A., Czárán, T., Szathmáry, E., & Otto, S. (2020). From self-replication to replicator systems en route to de novo life. Nature reviews chemistry, 4(8), 386-403. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41570-020-0196-x

Liu, B., Pappas, C. G., Ottelé, J., Schaeffer, G., Jurissek, C., Pieters, P. F., Altay, M., Marić, I., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2020). Spontaneous Emergence of Self-Replicating Molecules Containing Nucleobases and Amino Acids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 142(9), 4184-4192. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.9b10796

2019

Liu, B., Pappas, C. G., Zangrando, E., Demitri, N., Chmielewski, P. J., & Otto, S. (2019). Complex Molecules That Fold Like Proteins Can Emerge Spontaneously. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 141(4), 1685-1689. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.8b11698

Malakoutikhah, M., Schaeffer, G., Monreal Santiago, G., Yang, S., Maric, I., & Otto, S. (2019). Cross-Catalysis between Self-Replicators of Different Handedness. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 7(1).

Bartolec, B., Leonetti, G., Li, J., Smit, W., Altay, M., Monreal Santiago, G., Yan, Y., & Otto, S. (2019). Emergence of Compartments Formed from Unconventional Surfactants in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Langmuir, 35(17), 5787-5792. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03662

2018

Altay, Y., Altay, M., & Otto, S. (2018). Existing Self-Replicators Can Direct the Emergence of New Ones. Chemistry, 24(46), 11911-11915. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201803027

Altay, M., Altay, Y., & Otto, S. (2018). Parasitic Behavior of Self-Replicating Molecules. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 57(33), 10564-10568. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201804706

Bartolec, B., Altay, M., & Otto, S. (2018). Template-promoted self-replication in dynamic combinatorial libraries made from a simple building block. Chemical Communications, 54(93), 13096-13098. https://doi.org/10.1039/c8cc06253f

2017

Matysiak, B. M., Nowak, P., Cvrtila, I., Pappas, C. G., Liu, B., Komáromy, D., & Otto, S. (2017). Antiparallel Dynamic Covalent Chemistries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(19), 6744-6751. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b02575

van Esch, J. H., Klajn, R., & Otto, S. (2017). Chemical systems out of equilibrium. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(18), 5474-5475. Article C7CS90088K. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs90088k

Komáromy, D., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2017). Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. In W. Zhang, & Y. Jin (Eds.), Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: Principles, Reactions, and Applications (pp. 31-119). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119075738.ch2

Komáromy, D., Tezcan, M., Schaeffer, G., Marić, I., & Otto, S. (2017). Effector-Triggered Self-Replication in Coupled Subsystems. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 56(46), 14658-14662. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201707191

Altay, Y., Tezcan, M., & Otto, S. (2017). Emergence of a New Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library Requires a Specific Pre-Existing Replicator. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(39), 13612-13615. Article jacs.7b07346. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b07346

Mattia, E., Pal, A., Leonetti, G., & Otto, S. (2017). Mechanism of Building Block Exchange in Stacks of Self-Replicating Macrocycles. Synlett, 28(1), 103-107. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1589709

Otto, S. (2017). Reaction: Thinking-Species Chemistry and the World's Problems. Chem, 2(2), 158-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chempr.2017.01.018

Cvrtila, I., Fanlo-Virgós, H., Schaeffer, G., Monreal Santiago, G., & Otto, S. (2017). Redox Control over Acyl Hydrazone Photoswitches. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(36), 12459-12465. Article jacs.7b03724. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b03724

Komáromy, D., Stuart, M. C. A., Monreal Santiago, G., Tezcan, M., Krasnikov, V. V., & Otto, S. (2017). Self-Assembly Can Direct Dynamic Covalent Bond Formation Towards Diversity or Specificity. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 139(17), 6234-6241. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.7b01814

Frederix, P. W. J. M., Idé, J., Altay, Y., Schaeffer, G., Surin, M., Beljonne, D., Bondarenko, A. S., Jansen, T. L. C., Otto, S., & Marrink, S. J. (2017). Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of Assemblies of Self-Replicating Peptide Macrocycles. Acs Nano, 11(8), 7858-7868. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.7b02211

Ashkenasy, G., Hermans, T. M., Otto, S., & Taylor, A. F. (2017). Systems chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 46(9), 2543-2554. https://doi.org/10.1039/c7cs00117g

Duim, H., & Otto, S. (2017). Towards open-ended evolution in self-replicating molecular systems. Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry, 13, 1189-1203. https://doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.13.118

2016

Sadownik, J. W., Mattia, E., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2016). Diversification of self-replicating molecules. Nature Chemistry, 8(3), 264-269. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.2419

Mondal, M., Radeva, N., Fanlo-Virgos, H., Otto, S., Klebe, G., & Hirsch, A. K. H. (2016). Fragment Linking and Optimization of Inhibitors of the Aspartic Protease Endothiapepsin: Fragment-Based Drug Design Facilitated by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 55(32), 9422-9426. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201603074

Nguyen, V. D., Pal, A., Snijkers, F., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Leonetti, G., Otto, S., & van der Gucht, J. (2016). Multi-step control over self-assembled hydrogels of peptide-derived building blocks and a polymeric cross-linker. Soft Matter, 12(2), 432-440. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5sm02088c

2015

Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2015). An Allosteric Receptor by Simultaneous "Casting" and "Molding" in a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(3), 833-837. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201408907

Pal, A., Malakoutikhah, M., Leonetti, G., Tezcan, M., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Nguyen, V. D., van der Gucht, J., & Otto, S. (2015). Controlling the Structure and Length of Self-Synthesizing Supramolecular Polymers through Nucleated Growth and Disassembly. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(27), 7852-7856. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201501965

Colomb-Delsuc, M., Mattia, E., Sadownik, J. W., & Otto, S. (2015). Exponential self-replication enabled through a fibre elongation/breakage mechanism. Nature Communications, 6, Article 7427. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8427

Han, Y., Nowak, P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Leal, M. P., & Otto, S. (2015). Instructable Nanoparticles Using Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Langmuir, 31(46), 12658-12663. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03673

Nowak, P., Saggiomo, V., Salehian, F., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Han, Y., & Otto, S. (2015). Localized Template-Driven Functionalization of Nanoparticles by Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 54(14), 4192-4197. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409667

Leonetti, G., & Otto, S. (2015). Solvent Composition Dictates Emergence in Dynamic Molecular Networks Containing Competing Replicators. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(5), 2067-2072. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja512644f

Mattia, E., & Otto, S. (2015). Supramolecular systems chemistry. Nature Nanotechnology, 10(2), 111-119. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2014.337

Nowak, P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otto, S., & Li, J. (2015). Template-Triggered Emergence of a Self-Replicator from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 137(34), 10965-10969. https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b04380

2014

Li, J., Cvrtila, I., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otten, E., & Otto, S. (2014). An "Ingredients" Approach to Functional Self-Synthesizing Materials: A Metal-Ion-Selective, Multi-Responsive, Self-Assembled Hydrogel. Chemistry, 20(48), 15709-15714. https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201404977

Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2014). Catenanes from catenanes: quantitative assessment of cooperativity in dynamic combinatorial catenation. Chemical Science, 5(12), 4968-4974. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4sc01998a

Grzybowski, B., Otto, S., & Philp, D. (2014). Systems chemistry: A web themed issue. Chemical Communications, 50(95), 14924-14925. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4cc90422b

Fanlo-Virgos, H., Alba, A.-N. R., Hamieh, S., Colomb-Delsuc, M., & Otto, S. (2014). Transient Substrate-Induced Catalyst Formation in a Dynamic Molecular Network. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 53(42), 11346-11350. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201403480

2013

Hamieh, S., Saggiomo, V., Nowak, P., Mattia, E., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2013). A "Dial-A-Receptor" Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Angewandte Chemie-International Edition, 52(47), 12368-12372. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201305744

Li, J., Nowak, P., & Otto, S. (2013). Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: From Exploring Molecular Recognition to Systems Chemistry. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(25), 9222-9239. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja402586c

Rombouts, W. H., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Werten, M. W. T., Otto, S., de Wolf, F. A., & van der Gucht, J. (2013). Enhanced rigidity and rupture strength of composite hydrogel networks of bio-inspired block copolymers. Soft Matter, 9(29), 6936-6942. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sm00091e

Saggiomo, V., Hristova, Y. R., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2013). Systems chemistry: using thermodynamically controlled networks to assess molecular similarity. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-4-2

Otto, S. (2013). The role of solvent cohesion in nonpolar solvation. Chemical Science, 4(7), 2953-2959. https://doi.org/10.1039/c3sc50740h

Malakoutikhah, M., Peyralans, J. J.-P., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Fanlo-Virgós, H., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2013). Uncovering the selection criteria for the emergence of multi-building-block replicators from dynamic combinatorial libraries. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 135(49), 18406-18417. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja4067805

2012

Hamieh, S., Ludlow, R. F., Perraud, O., West, K. R., Mattia, E., & Otto, S. (2012). A Synthetic Receptor for Nicotine from a Dynamic Combinatorial Library. Organic letters, 14(21), 5404-5407. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol302260n

Otto, S. (2012). Dynamic Molecular Networks: From Synthetic Receptors to Self-Replicators. Accounts of Chemical Research, 45(12), 2200-2210. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar200246j

Wang, J., Stuart, M. A. C., Marcelis, A. T. M., Colomb-Delsuc, M., Otto, S., & van der Gucht, J. (2012). Stable Polymer Micelles Formed by Metal Coordination. Macromolecules, 45(17), 7179-7185. https://doi.org/10.1021/ma301323z

Saggiomo, V., Otto, S., Marques, I., Felix, V., Torroba, T., & Quesada, R. (2012). The role of lipophilicity in transmembrane anion transport. Chemical Communications, 48(43), 5274-5276. https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cc31825c

2011

Rodriguez-Docampo, Z., Eugenieva-Ilieva, E., Reyheller, C., Belenguer, A. M., Kubik, S., & Otto, S. (2011). Dynamic combinatorial development of a neutral synthetic receptor that binds sulfate with nanomolar affinity in aqueous solution. Chemical Communications, 47(35), 9798-9800. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1cc13451e

Hunt, R. A. R., Otto, S., & Hunt, R. A. R. (2011). Dynamic combinatorial libraries: New opportunities in systems chemistry. Chemical Communications, 47(3), 847-858. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0cc03759a

Li, J., Carnall, J. M. A., Stuart, M. C. A., & Otto, S. (2011). Hydrogel Formation upon Photoinduced Covalent Capture of Macrocycle Stacks from Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries. Angewandte Chemie - International Edition, 50(36), 8384-8386. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201103297

2010

Besenius, P., Cormack, P. A. G., Ludlow, R. F., Otto, S., & Sherrington, D. C. (2010). Affinity chromatography in dynamic combinatorial libraries: One-pot amplification and isolation of a strongly binding receptor. Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 8(10), 2414-2418. https://doi.org/10.1039/c000333f

Reek, J. N. H., & Otto, S. (2010). Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9783527629701

Mansfeld, F. M., Au-Yeung, H. Y., Sanders, J. K. M., & Otto, S. (2010). Dynamic combinatorial chemistry at the phospholipid bilayer interface. Journal of Systems Chemistry, 1(12). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-1-12

Au-Yeung, H. Y., Cougnon, F. B. L., Otto, S., Pantos, G. D., Sanders, J. K. M., & Pantoş, G. D. (2010). Exploiting donor-acceptor interactions in aqueous dynamic combinatorial libraries: exploratory studies of simple systems. Chemical Science, 1(5), 567-574. https://doi.org/10.1039/c0sc00307g

Carnall, J. M. A., Waudby, C. A., Belenguer, A. M., Stuart, M. C. A., Peyralans, J. J. .-P., & Otto, S. (2010). Mechanosensitive Self-Replication Driven by Self-Organization. Science, 327(5972), 1502-1506. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1182767

Otto, S. (2010). MOLECULAR MACHINES Tiny steps: Tiny steps. Nature Chemistry, 2(2), 75-76. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchem.525

Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2010). The Impact of the Size of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries on the Detectability of Molecular Recognition Induced Amplification. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132(17), 5984-5986. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1013689

Otto, S. (2010). The Practice of Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Analytical Chemistry, Experimental Design, and Data Analysis. In S. Otto, & J. N. H. Reek (Eds.), Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (pp. 23-47).

Otto, S., & Reek, J. N. H. (2010). Trends and Perspectives. In S. Otto, & J. N. H. Reek (Eds.), Dynamic Combinatorial Chemistry (pp. 185-194).

Kiedrowski, G. V., Otto, S., & Herdewijn, P. (2010). Welcome Home, Systems Chemists! Journal of Systems Chemistry, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1759-2208-1-1

2009

Likhitsup, A., Deeth, R. J., Otto, S., & Marsh, A. (2009). Apparent non-statistical binding in a ditopic receptor for guanosine. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 7(10), 2093-2103. https://doi.org/10.1039/b812969j

Hunt, R. A. R., Ludlow, R. F., & Otto, S. (2009). Estimating equilibrium constants for aggregation from the product distribution of a dynamic combinatorial library. Organic letters, 11(22), 5110-5113. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol901656x

Otto, S. (2009). MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY Helping themselves. Nature Nanotechnology, 4(1), 13-14. https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.387

Mansfeld, F. M., Feng, G., & Otto, S. (2009). Photo-induced molecular-recognition-mediated adhesion of giant vesicles. Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, 7(20), 4289-4295. https://doi.org/10.1039/b910197g

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