Mulder, Prof. Machiel
Machiel Mulder is Professor of Regulation of Energy Markets in the Faculty of Economics and Business. He studies the functioning of energy markets and energy policy. One of Mulder's conclusions was that the demand for gas in the Netherlands will rise steeply in the years to come because of the electrification of homes and transport. According to Mulder, it is important to uphold the basic principles of the organization of the European electricity market to keep the costs of the required energy transition to a minimum.
Mulder studied economics at the University of Groningen and was awarded a PhD by Erasmus University Rotterdam for a thesis entitled ‘Bedrijfstakverkenning en financiële analyse: een simulatiemodel voor de glastuinbouw’ (Sector exploration and financial analysis: a simulation model for horticulture under glass). He then worked as head of the Energy department at the CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis, deputy chief economist of the Netherlands Competition Authority (NMa) and specialist in Regulation Economics at the Authority for Consumers and Markets (ACM).
In 2015, Mulder was awarded a grant by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) to conduct research into changes in the electricity market caused by renewable energy. Two years later, he was appointed to the board of the global association of professionals, the International Association for Energy Economics (IAEE), and organized the 41st International IAEE conference in Groningen on the association’s behalf in 2018. In addition, Mulder is director of the Groningen Centre for Energy Economics Research (CEER) and chair of the Benelux Association for Energy Economics (BAEE).
Previously in the news
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Only lowering the emissions cap will force an energy transition (RUG)
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Research: The Netherlands will still need 30 billion cubic metres of gas in 2050 (Dagblad van het Noorden)
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Energy-neutral? Preferably not! (Dagblad van het Noorden)
Contact and more information
Publications
2023
Rekker,
L., Kesina, M., & Mulder, M.
(2023). Carbon abatement in the European chemical industry:
assessing the feasibility of abatement technologies by estimating
firm-level marginal abatement costs. Energy
Economics, 126, Article 106889. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2023.106889
Mulder,
M. (2023). De energierekening van consumenten
doorgelicht. ESB Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 108(4817), 12-15. https://esb.nu/de-energierekening-van-consumenten-doorgelicht/
Ghaemi,
S., Li, X., & Mulder, M.
(2023). Economic feasibility of green hydrogen in providing
flexibility to medium-voltage distribution grids in the presence of
local-heat systems. Applied Energy,
331, Article 120408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.120408
Mulder,
M. (2023). Energietransitie: eerst snappen, dan
doen. (2e geactualiseerde ed.) Eburon Academische
Uitgeverij. https://eburon.nl/product/energietransitie/
Perey,
P., & Mulder, M. (2023).
International competitiveness of low-carbon hydrogen supply
to the Northwest European market. International
Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(4), 1241-1254.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.10.011
Mulder,
M., & Veenstra, A. (2023).
Kerncentrale past goed in energiesysteem met veel
hernieuwbare bronnen. ESB Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 108(4818), 66-69. https://esb.nu/kerncentrale-past-goed-in-energiesysteem-met-veel-hernieuwbare-bronnen/
Mulder,
M. (2023). Regulation of Energy Markets: Economic
Mechanisms and Policy Evaluation. (2 ed.) (Lecture
Notes in Energy). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16571-9
Lavrijssen,
S., & Mulder, M. (2023).
Wetenschapstoets van de Energiewet: positie van de
consument. Parlement & Wetenschap. https://debatgemist.tweedekamer.nl/debatten/wetenschapstoets-energiewet
2022
Keller,
J., Kuper, G., & Mulder, M.
(2022). Challenging natural monopolies: assessing market
power of gas transmission system operators for cross-border
capacity. Energy Policy,
170(113228). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113228
Mulder,
M. (2022). Competition and Regulation in the Renewable
Energy Era. In A Force of Energy: Essays in Energy Law
in Honour of Professor Martha Roggenkamp (pp. 13-19).
University of Groningen Press.
Veenstra,
A., Li, X., & Mulder, M.
(2022). Economic value of nuclear power in future energy
systems: Required subsidy in various scenarios regarding future
renewable generation and electricity demand. (CEER -
Policy Papers; Vol. 12). Centre for Energy Economics Research
(CEER). https://www.rug.nl/ceer/blog/nuclear-power-plant-fits-well-in-electricity-market-with-high-share-of-renewables
Mulder,
M. (2022). Energietransitie: eerst snappen, dan
doen. Eburon Academische Uitgeverij.
Trinks,
A., Mulder, M., & Scholtens,
B. (2022). External carbon costs and internal carbon
pricing. Renewable & Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 168, Article 112780. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112780
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2022). Het is wel
degelijk mogelijk om overwinsten te maken met SDE-subsidies.
ESB Economisch Statistische Berichten,
107(4815), 516-518. Advance online publication.
Mulder,
M. (2022). Mogelijke gevolgen van verkoop kleine
gasvelden door de NAM: Een quick scan onderzoek op verzoek van de
gemeente Westerkwartier. Centre for Energy Economics
Research (CEER).
Romeijnders,
W., & Mulder, M. (2022). Optimal WACC
in tariff regulation under uncertainty. Journal of
Regulatory Economics, 61, 89-107. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-022-09447-6
Abeln,
B., Jacobs, J. P. A. M., & Mulder, M.
(2022). Seasonal adjustment of daily data with
CAMPLET. (CIRANO Working Paper; Vol. 2022s-06).
CIRANO.
2021
Trinks,
A., Ibikunle, G., Mulder, M., &
Scholtens, B. (2022). Carbon intensity and the cost of
equity capital. The Energy Journal,
43(2), 181-214. https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.2.atri
Steg,
L., Perlaviciute, G., Sovacool, B. K.,
Bonaiuto, M., Diekmann, A., Filippini, M., Hindriks,
F., Bergstad, C. J., Matthies, E., Matti, S., Mulder,
M., Nilsson, A., Pahl, S., Roggenkamp, M.,
Schuitema, G., Stern, P. C., Tavoni, M., Thøgersen, J.,
& Woerdman, E. (2021). A Research Agenda to Better
Understand the Human Dimensions of Energy Transitions.
Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1-11.
Article 672776. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672776
Keller,
J. T., Kuper, G. H., & Mulder,
M. (2021). Challenging Natural Monopolies:
Assessing Market Power of Gas Transmission System Operators for
Cross-Border Capacity. (SOM Research Reports; Vol.
2021003-EEF). University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2021). Design of
Renewable Support Schemes and Windfall Profits: A Monte Carlo
Analysis for the Netherlands. The Energy
Journal, 43(5), 182-203. https://doi.org/10.5547/01956574.43.5.dhul
Mulder,
M., & Woerdman, E. (2021). Energy
Networks, Natural Monopolies and Tariff Regulation. In M. M.
Roggenkamp, K. J. de Graaf, & R. C. Fleming (Eds.), Energy
Law, Climate Change and the Environment (pp. 563-572). (Elgar
Encyclopedia of Environmental Law; Vol. 9). Edward Elgar
Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781788119689.IX.47
Hulshof,
D., Mulder, M., & Perey, P.
(2021). Giving hydrogen a jump start: lessons learned
from Dutch policies in other industries. (CEER Policy
Paper; No. 9). Centre for Energy Economics Research (CEER).
Mulder,
M. (2021). Hoge energieprijzen tonen belang van
beperken gas-afhankelijkheid. ESB Economisch
Statistische Berichten, 106(4804),
570-573.
Mulder,
M. (2021, Jan 20). Opmerkingen op de reacties van
Rotmans en Erickson op het onderzoek van Mulder et al.
(2020).
Mulder,
M., & Hulshof, D. (2021). Social
Costs and Benefits of District Heat Systems: Method and application
to neighbourhood in Dutch city of Groningen. (CEER
Policy Papers; No. 10). Centre for Energy Economics Research
(CEER).
Li,
X., & Mulder, M. (2021). Value of
power-to-gas as a flexibility option in integrated electricity and
hydrogen markets. Applied Energy,
304, Article 117863. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117863
Li,
X., & Mulder, M. (2021). Value of
Power-to-Gas as a Flexibility Option in Integrated Electricity and
Hydrogen Markets. (SOM Research Reports; Vol.
2021004-EEF). University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Mulder,
M., Hulshof, D., & Perey, P.
(2021). Waterstofbeleid kan leren van eerdere
transities. ESB Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 106(4803), 534-536. Advance online
publication.
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2021). Windparken
veel rendabeler dan de overheid vooraf inschat.
ESB Economisch Statistische Berichten,
106(4804), 574-577.
2020
Trinks,
A., Mulder, M., & Scholtens,
B. (2020). An Efficiency Perspective on Carbon
Emissions and Financial Performance. Ecological
Economics, 175, Article 106632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106632
Mulder,
M., Hulshof, D., Perey, P.,
& Rekker, L. (2020). Bedrijfsspecifieke
beperking in exploratie en productie en het effect op het
wereldwijde verbruik van fossiele energie: een analyse toegespitst
op de positie van Shell. (CEER - Policy Papers; Vol.
8). Centre for Energy Economics Research (CEER).
Mulder,
M., & Perey, P. (2020, Apr 29).
Beoordeling aanvraag Green Shipping: advies aan de
Waddenacademie.
Keller,
J. T., Kuper, G. H., & Mulder,
M. (2020). Competition under revenue-cap regulation
with efficiency benchmarking: tariff related incentives for gas
transmission system operators in merged markets.
Journal of Regulatory Economics,
58(2-3), 141-165. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11149-020-09414-z
Mulder,
M. (2020). Dynamic grid tariffs as efficient and fair
solutions to grid congestions. Oxford Energy
Forum, 2020(124), 28-31.
Hulshof,
D., Mulder, M., & Perey, P.
(2020, Apr 29). Enkele kanttekeningen bij vormgeving
subsidies duurzame energie transitie: Position paper over de SDE++
regeling voor Tweede Kamer commissie Economische Zaken en
Klimaat.
Mulder,
M., & Perey, P. (2020). Groene
waterstof laat zich lastig rendabel maken. ESB
Economisch Statistische Berichten, 105(4782),
80-83. https://esb.nu/esb/20056504/groene-waterstof-laat-zich-lastig-rendabel-maken
Karsten,
E., & Mulder, M. (2020). Hernieuwbare stroom
kan voorlopig niet zonder subsidie. ESB Economisch
Statistische Berichten, 105(4789), 442-445.
Advance online publication. https://esb.nu/esb/20060099/hernieuwbare-stroom-kan-voorlopig-niet-zonder-subsidie
Nieuwenburg,
M., Smit, E., & Mulder, M. (2020).
Performance of Dutch energy-distribution operators: an
assessment of costs, quality and financial position since
2010. (CEER Policy Papers; No. 7). Centre for Energy
Economics Research (CEER).
Mulder,
M., & Perey, P. (2020). Position
Paper over Kabinetsvisie Waterstof: inbreng voor Tweede Kamer
Commissie Economische Zaken en Klimaat.
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
Mulder,
M., Hulshof, D., Perey, P.,
& Rekker, L. (2020). Reactie op commentaar van
Peter Erickson op Mulder et. al. (2020). (CEER Policy
Paper ; No. 8). Centre for Energy Economics Research (CEER).
Mulder,
M. (2020). Regulation of Energy Markets: Economic
Mechanisms and Policy Evaluation. (1 ed.) (Lecture
Notes in Energy; Vol. 80). Springer International Publisher. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58319-4
Mulder,
M. (2020, Apr 21). Regulatory challenges to foster
cross-border trade in electricity systems with increasing shares of
renewables. EnergyPost. EU. https://energypost.eu/regulatory-challenges-to-cross-border-trade/
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2020). The impact
of renewable energy use on firm profit. Energy
Economics, 92, Article 104957. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104957
Mulder,
M. (2020). Vermindering van aardgasverbruik van
woningen in een breder economisch perspectief. In
“ De opgave waar we voor staan is groot en complex”
: Essaybundel over aardgasvrije wijken door negen professoren
(pp. 74-83). Programma Aardgasvrije Wijken. https://www.aardgasvrijewijken.nl/nieuws/1561408.aspx?t=Essay+Machiel+Mulder%3a+Vermindering+van+aardgasverbruik+van+woningen
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2020). Willingness
to Pay for CO2 Emission Reductions in Passenger Car
Transport. Environmental & Resource
Economics, 75(4), 899–929. Advance
online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-020-00411-6
2019
Jafarian,
M., Scherpen, J. M. A., Loeff, K., Mulder,
M., & Aiello, M. (2020). A combined
nodal and uniform pricing mechanism for congestion management in
distribution power networks. Electric Power
Systems Research, 180, Article 106088. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2019.106088
Kraal,
D., Mulder, M., & Perey, P. (2020).
Taxation and Pricing of Natural Gas: The Dutch transition to
gas market hub pricing and lessons for Australia’s integrated
gas projects. University of New South Wales Law
Journal, 43(1), 39-81.
Keller,
J., Kuper, G., & Mulder, M.
(2019). Competition under Regulation: Do Regulated Gas
Transmission System Operators in Merged Markets Compete on Network
Tariffs? (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 2019008-EEF).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Moraga
González, J., Mulder, M., &
Perey, P. (2019). Future markets for renewable
gases and hydrogen: what would be the optimal regulatory
provisions? CERRE - Centre on Regulation in Europe. https://www.cerre.eu/publications/future-markets-renewable-gases-and-hydrogen
Mulder,
M. (2019). Hernieuwbare stroom, netwerk
stabiliteit en opslag: hoe zorgt de markt voor
flexibiliteit? (UGBS White Paper). University of
Groningen Business School (UGBS). https://www.rug.nl/feb-for-business/business-school/executive-programmas/energietransitie/forms/download-het-whitepaper?utm_source=LK&utm_medium=post&utm_campaign=ugbs-et-whitepaper1-machiel-okt19
Mulder,
M. (2019, Sept 10). Hoe wordt waterstof echt groen en
wat doen we in de tussentijd? (blog). Centre for Energy
Economics Research (CEER). https://www.rug.nl/ceer/blog/hoe-wordt-waterstof-echt-groen-en-wat-doen-we-in-de-tussentijd-10-09-2019
Mulder,
M. (2019). Kolencentrales in de polder: private en
publieke belangen in het Energieakkoord.
RegelMaat, 34(2), 112-125. https://doi.org/10.5553/RM/0920055X2019034002003
Keller,
J. T., Kuper, G. H., & Mulder,
M. (2019). Mergers of Germany's natural gas market
areas: Is transmission capacity booked efficiently?
Utilities Policy, 56, 104-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2018.11.005
Bartelet,
H., & Mulder, M. (2019). Natural Gas markets
in the European Union: Testing Resilience.
Economics of Energy & Environmental
Policy, 9(1), 185-205. https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.8.2.hbar
Mulder,
M., Perey, P. L., & Moraga , J.
L. (2019). Outlook for a Dutch hydrogen market:
economic conditions and scenarois. (CEER Policy Papers;
No. 5). Centre for Energy Economics Research, University of
Groningen, . https://www.rug.nl/ceer/blog/ceer_policypaper_5_web.pdf
Hulshof,
D., Jepma, C., & Mulder, M.
(2019). Performance of markets for European renewable energy
certificates. Energy Policy,
128, 697-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.051
Hulshof,
D., & Mulder, M. (2019).
Renewable Energy Use as Environmental CSR Behavior and
the Impact on Firm Profit. (SOM Research Reports; No.
2019009-EEF). University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Mulder,
M. (2019, Apr 14). Substantieel waterbedeffect binnen
emissiehandelssysteem. ESB Economisch Statistische
Berichten. https://esb.nu/blog/20051597/substantieel-waterbedeffect-binnen-emissiehandelssysteem
Mulder,
M., & Willems, B. (2019). The Dutch retail
electricity market. Energy Policy,
127, 228-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.12.010
2018
Moraga
González, J., & Mulder, M. (2018).
Electrification of heating and transport: a scenario
analysis up to 2050. (CEER Policy Papers; No. 2).
Centre for Energy Economics Research, University of Groningen,
.
Mulder,
M., & Zeng, Y. (2018). Exploring Interaction
Effects of Climate Policies: a Model Analysis of the Power
Market. Resource and Energy Economics,
54 , 165–185. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2018.09.002
Trinks,
A., Scholtens, B., Mulder,
M., & Dam, L. (2018). Fossil Fuel
Divestment and Portfolio Performance. Ecological
Economics, 146, 740-748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.11.036
Moraga
González, J., le Coq, C., Mulder, M.,
& Schwenen, S. (2018). Gas and the electrification of
heating & transport: scenarios for 2050. CERRE -
Centre on Regulation in Europe. http://www.cerre.eu/publications/gas-and-electrification-heating-transport-scenarios-2050
Mulder,
M., & Perey, P. (Eds.) (2018).
Gas production and earthquakes in Groningen: reflection
on economic and social consequences. (CEER Policy
Papers; Vol. 3). Centre for Energy Economics Research, University
of Groningen, .
Mulder,
M., & Perey, P. (2018). Groningen gas
field in the European gas market. In M. Mulder, & P.
Perey (Eds.), Gas production and earthquakes in Groningen:
reflection on economic and social consequences (CEER Policy
papers; Vol. 3). Centre for Energy Economics Research, University
of Groningen, .
Mulder,
M. (2018). Klimaatberaad koerst af op ondoelmatig
beleid. ESB Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 103(4768), 569-573. https://esb.nu/esb/20046711/klimaatberaad-koerst-af-op-ondoelmatig-beleid
Mulder,
M. (2018). Merchant investments in
interconnections in the European electricity market: the AQUIND
case. (CEER policy Paper; No. 4). Centre for Energy
Economics Research, University of Groningen, .
Keller,
J. T., Kuper, G. H., & Mulder,
M. (2018). Mergers of Gas Market Areas and
Competition amongst Transmission System Operators: Evidence on
Booking Behaviour in the German Markets. (SOM Research
Report; Vol. 2018, No. 001). University of Groningen, SOM research
school.
Hulshof,
D., Jepma, C., & Mulder, M.
(2018). Performance of Markets for European Renewable
Energy Certificates. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 2018,
No. 005). University of Groningen, SOM research school.
van
Leeuwen, C., & Mulder, M. (2018).
Power-to-gas in electricity markets dominated by
renewables. Applied Energy,
232, 258-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.217
Huizingh,
E., Mulder, F., & Mulder, M. (2018).
Towards Energy Savings: Stimulating Households to Invest in
Retrofit Measures. In I. Bitran, S. Conn, E. Huizingh, O.
Kokshagina, M. Torkkeli, & M. Tynnhammar (Eds.),
Proceedings of ISPIM Connects Fukuoka: Solving Challenges
Through Innovation ISPIM.
Koopmans,
C., Mulder, M., & Tieben, B. (2018).
Verkenning MKBA werkwijzer Energie.
(SEO-rapport; No. 2018-23). SEO, Foundation for Economic Research
of the University of Amsterdam.
2017
Neuteleers,
S., Mulder, M., & Hindriks, F.
(2017). Assessing fairness of dynamic grid tariffs.
Energy Policy, 108, 111-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2017.05.028
Mulder,
M., & Scholtens, B. (2017).
Corrigendum to 'A plant-level analysis of the spill-over
effects of the German Energiewende' [Appl. Energy 183 (2016)
1259–1271]. Applied Energy,
190, 1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.094
Dijkstra,
P. T., Haan, M. A., & Mulder, M.
(2017). Design of Yardstick Competition and Consumer Prices:
Experimental Evidence. Energy
Economics, 66, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2017.06.016
Trinks,
A., Scholtens, B., Mulder,
M., & Dam, L. (2017). Divesting
Fossil Fuels: The Implications for Investment
Portfolios. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 17001-EEF).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Mulder,
M., & Zomer, S. (2017). Dutch Consumers’
Willingness to Pay for Broiler Welfare. Journal of
Applied Animal Welfare Science, 20(2),
137-154. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2017.1281134
Mulder,
M. (2017). Energietransitie en
elektriciteitsmarkt: verkenning van een gespannen
relatie. (1 ed.) (CEER - Policy Papers; Vol. 1). Centre
for Energy Economics Research, University of Groningen, . http://www.rug.nl/news-and-events/news/archief2017/nieuwsberichten/0309-energietransitie-en-elektriciteitsmarkt-machiel-mulder-rug-maart2017.pdf
Mulder,
M. (2017). Energy transition and the electricity
market: an exploration of a electrifying relationship.
(1 ed.) (CEER Policy Papers; Vol. 1). Centre for Energy Economics
Research, University of Groningen, . http://www.rug.nl/news-and-events/news/archief2017/nieuwsberichten/energy-transition-and-the-electricity-market.pdf
Mulder,
M., & Zeng, Y. (2017). Exploring Interaction
Effects of Climate Polices: A Model Analysis of the Power
Market. In IAEE Energy Forum (Singapore Issue ed.,
Vol. 2017, pp. 31-32) http://www.iaee.org/documents/2017EnergyForumSI.pdf
Trinks,
A., Ibikunle, G., Mulder, M., &
Scholtens, B. (2017). Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Intensity and the Cost of Capital. (SOM Research
Reports; No. 17017-EEF). University of Groningen, SOM research
school.
Neuteleers,
S., & Mulder, M. (2017). Hoe rechtvaardig
zijn dynamische elektriciteitsnettarieven?
Economisch Statistische Berichten,
102(4750), 292-295. https://esb.nu/esb/20027594/hoe-rechtvaardig-zijn-dynamische-elektriciteitsnettarieven
Dijkstra,
P. T., Haan, M. A., & Mulder, M.
(2017). Industry structure and collusion with uniform
yardstick competition: Theory and experiments.
International Journal of Industrial
Organization, 50, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijindorg.2016.10.001
Mulder,
M., & Pangan, M. (2017). Influence of climate
policy and market forces on coal-fired power plants: Evidence on
the Dutch market over 2006-2014. Economics of
Energy & Environmental Policy, 6(2),
87-110. https://doi.org/10.5547/2160-5890.6.2.mmul
Mulder,
M. (2017). Lokaal opwekken in een internationale
markt. Energie+, 2(June). https://www.energieplus.nl/
Mulder,
M. (2017). Nationale energietransities in Europese
energiemarkten. Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 102(4754S), 77-81.
Mous,
S., & Mulder, M. (2017). Schonere
energiesector leidt tot meer vervuiling industrie.
Economisch Statistische Berichten,
102(4754), 467-469.
2016
Mulder,
M., & Scholtens, B. (2016). A
plant-level analysis of the spill-over effects of the German
Energiewende. Applied Energy,
183, 1259-1271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.056
Neuteleers,
S., Mulder, M., & Hindriks, F.
(2016). Assessing fairness of dynamic grid
tariffs. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 16014-EEF).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Mulder,
M., & Willems, B. (2016). Competition in
Retail Electricity Markets: An Assessment of Ten Year Dutch
Experience. (SOM Reseach Reports; Vol. 16012-EEF).
University of Groningen, SOM research school. http://www.rug.nl/research/som-ri/som-research-reports/som-research-reports-2016/16012-eef-def.pdf
Mulder,
M., & Zomer, S. P. E. (2016). Contribution of
green labels in electricity retail markets to fostering renewable
energy. Energy Policy, 99,
100-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2016.09.040
Kuper,
G. H., & Mulder, M. (2016).
Cross-border constraints, institutional changes and
integration of the Dutch-German gas market. Energy
Economics, 53, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2014.09.009
Mulder,
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