Bezemer, Prof. Dirk
Dirk Bezemer is Professor of Economics of International Financial Development. He holds a PhD in economics (Amsterdam, 20001) and two MSc degrees (Wageningen, 1995). He was a researcher at Imperial College (Univ. London) and worked on development economics issues in policy advice and in the UK civil service before joining the University of Groningen, where he is a Professor.
Dirk Bezemer leads a research team working on financial fragility, economic models and the causes and consequences of the financial crisis. In addition to academic publications, Dirk Bezemer co-wrote OECD, World Bank and UNCTAD policy reports. He is a frequent contributor to international and Dutch newspapers and television. In 2011-2013 he obtained three research grants and he coordinates the Economics of Credit and Debt research work within the New York based Institute for New Economic Thinking. Dirk Bezemer is a member of the Dutch Sustainable Finance Lab.
Previously in the news (mostly in Dutch)
2025
Tarne,
R., & Bezemer, D. (2025). Roof or
real estate? An agent-based model of housing affordability in The
Netherlands. Structural Change and Economic
Dynamics, 72, 163-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.11.014
2024
Stumphius,
C., & Bezemer, D. (2024). Green Bonds:
financial development or financialization? A firm-level analysis of
their emission and energy impacts. (FEBRI Research
Reports; No. 2024004-GEM). University of Groningen, FEB Research
Institute.
2023
Bezemer,
D., Ryan-Collins, J., van Lerven, F., & Zhang, L.
(2023). Credit policy and the ‘debt shift’ in
advanced economies. Socio-Economic
Review, 21(1), 437–478. https://doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwab041
2022
Fennema,
G., Warnaar, M., Bezemer, D., & Hörchner, K.
(2022). Inkomen van minima blijft steeds verder achter bij
wat ‘normaal’ gevonden wordt.
Economisch Statistische Berichten,
107(4813), 400-403. https://esb.nu/inkomen-van-minima-blijft-steeds-verder-achter-bij-wat-normaal-gevonden-wordt/
Bezemer,
D. (2022). Pensioensparen heeft hoge kosten en
beperkte baten. Economisch Statistische
Berichten, 107(4814), 470-473. https://esb.nu/pensioensparen-heeft-hoge-kosten-en-beperkte-baten/
Tarne,
R., Bezemer, D., & Theobald, T. (2022).
The effect of borrower-specific loan-to-value policies on
household debt, wealth inequality and consumption volatility: An
agent-based analysis. Journal of Economic Dynamics
and Control, 144, Article 104526. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jedc.2022.104526
2021
Bezemer,
D. (2021). Financialisering kan verklaring zijn voor
macro-economische ‘puzzels’.
Economisch Statistische Berichten,
106(4795S), 78-85. https://esb.nu/financialisering-kan-verklaring-zijn-voor-macro-economische-puzzels/
Rozite,
K., Jacobs, J. P. A. M., & Bezemer,
D. (2021). Investor Sentiment and Business
Investment. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 2021005-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2021). Seize the Day: Opportunities and costs
in the COVID-19 crisis. Global
Sustainability, 4, Article e10. https://doi.org/10.1017/sus.2021.9
Bezemer,
D., & Schoenmaker, D. (2021). Strengere
hypotheekeisen zullen huizenprijzen remmen.
Economisch Statistische Berichten,
106(4803), 516-518. https://esb.nu/strengere-hypotheekeisen-zullen-huizenprijzen-remmen/
Bezemer,
D. (2021). Van SGP naar MMT? Europa na het
Stabiliteits- en Groeipact. Socialisme en
Democratie, 78(1), 47-58.
2020
Bezemer,
D., Bumann, S., & Lensink, R. (2021).
Does Financial Liberalization Accentuate Financial
Instability? In A. H. Ahmad, D. Llewellyn, & V. Murinde
(Eds.), Inclusive Financial Development (pp. 82-112). (New
Horizons in Money and Finance). Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781800376380.00011
Bezemer,
D. (2021). Minsky’s Legacy: Two Strands.
Cambridge Journal of Economics,
45(2), 391-409. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/beaa059
Bezemer,
D., Samarina, A., & Zhang, L. (2020).
Does mortgage lending impact business credit? Evidence from a
new disaggregated bank credit data set. Journal of
Banking & Finance, 113, Article 105760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2020.105760
Bezemer,
D. (2020). Een land van kleine buffers: Er is
genoeg geld, maar we gebruiken het verkeerd. Uitgeverij
Pluim .
2019
Bezemer,
D., & Zhang, L. (2019). Credit composition and the
severity of post-crisis recessions. Journal of
Financial Stability, 42, 52-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfs.2019.05.010
Rozite,
K., Bezemer, D. J., & Jacobs, J. P.
A. M. (2019). Towards a financial cycle for the U.S.,
1973-2014. North American Journal of Economics and
Finance, 50, Article 101023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.najef.2019.101023
2018
Grydaki,
M., & Bezemer, D. (2019). Nonfinancial
sector debt and the U.S. Great Moderation: Evidence from
flow‐of‐funds data. International
Journal of Finance and Economics, 24(1),
80-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.1650
Bezemer,
D. (2018). Unproductive debt causes crisis: Connecting
the history of money to the current crisis. In R. J. van der
Spek, & B. van Leeuwen (Eds.), Money, currency and crisis:
In Search of Trust, 2000 BC to AD 2000 (pp. 37-54). (Routledge
Explorations in Economic History). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315210711-3
2017
Samarina,
A., Zhang, L., & Bezemer, D. (2017).
Credit cycle coherence in the eurozone: Was there a euro
effect? Journal of International Money and
Finance, 77, 77-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2017.07.002
Schasfoort,
J., Godin, A., Bezemer, D., Caiani, A., &
Kinsella, S. (2017). Monetary Policy Transmission in a
Macroeconomic Agent-Based Model. (SOM Research Reports;
Vol. 17010-GEM). University of Groningen, SOM research
school.
Schasfoort,
J., Bezemer, D., Godin, A., Kinsella, S., &
Caiani, A. (2017). Monetary Policy Transmission in a
Macroeconomic Agent-Based Model. Advances in
Complex Systems, 20(8). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525918500030
Bezemer,
D., Samarina, A., & Zhang, L. (2017).
The Shift in Bank Credit Allocation: New Data and New
Findings. (SOM Research Reports; No. 17012-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
2016
Bezemer,
D., & Samarina, A. (2016). Debt
Shift, Financial Development and Income Inequality in
Europe. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 16020-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Samarina,
A., & Bezemer, D. (2016). Do capital
flows change domestic credit allocation? Journal
of International Money and Finance, 62,
98-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2015.12.013
Zhang,
L., & Bezemer, D. (2016). Finance and Growth
in China, 1995-2013: More liquidity or more development?
Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and
Society, 9(3), 613-631. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsw022
Bezemer,
D., & Hudson, M. (2016). Finance is not the
Economy: Reviving the Conceptual Distinction.
Journal of Economic Issues, 50(3),
745-768. https://doi.org/10.1080/00213624.2016.1210384
Bezemer,
D., Grydaki, M., & Zhang, L. (2016). MORE
MORTGAGES, LOWER GROWTH? Economic
Inquiry, 54(1), 652-674. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.12254
Rozite,
K., Bezemer, D. J., & Jacobs, J. P.
A. M. (2016). Towards a financial cycle for the
US, 1973-2014. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 16013-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2016). Towards an ‘accounting view’
on money, banking and the macroeconomy: history, empirics,
theory. Cambridge Journal of
Economics, 40(5), 1275–1295. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/bew035
2015
Zhang,
L., & Bezemer, D. (2015). A global house
of debt effect? Mortgages and post-crisis recessions in fifty
economies. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 15009-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Samarina,
A., Zhang, L., & Bezemer, D. (2015).
Mortgages and Credit Cycle Divergence in Eurozone
Economies. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 15021-GEM).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D. (2015). The Amsterdamse Wisselbank. In L. P.
Rochon, & S. Rossi (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Central
Banking (pp. 4-5). Palgrave MacMillan.
2014
Samarina,
A., & Bezemer, D. (2014). Capital
Flows and Financial Intermediation: is EMU different?
(SOM Research Reports; Vol. 14021-GEM). University of Groningen,
SOM research school. http://som.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/reports/2014/14021-GEM/
Bezemer,
D., & Grydaki, M. (2014). Financial fragility in
the Great Moderation. Journal of Banking &
Finance, 49, 169-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.09.005
Bezemer,
D., & Zhang, L. (2014). From boom to bust in
the credit cycle: the role of mortgage credit. (SOM
Research Reports; Vol. 14025-GEM). University of Groningen, SOM
research school.
Zhang,
L., & Bezemer, D. (2014). How the credit
cycle affects growth: the role of bank balance sheets.
(SOM Research Reports; Vol. 14026-GEM). University of Groningen,
SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D., Grydaki, M., & Zhang, L. (2014). Is
financial development bad for growth? (SOM Research
Reports; Vol. 14016-GEM). University of Groningen, SOM research
school.
Bezemer,
D., & Grydaki, M. (2014). Nonfinancial sectors
debt and the U.S. great moderation. (SOM Research
Reports; Vol. 14030-GEM). University of Groningen, SOM research
school.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2014). Schumpeter might be right again: the
functional differentiation of credit. Journal of
Evolutionary Economics, 24(5), 935-950. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00191-014-0376-2
Bezemer,
D. J., Bolt, J., & Lensink, B.
W. (2014). Slavery, Statehood, and Economic
Development in Sub-Saharan Africa. World
Development, 57(5), 148-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2013.12.004
2013
Bezemer,
D. J., & Jong-A-Pin, R. (2013).
Democracy, globalization and ethnic violence.
Journal of Comparative Economics,
41(1), 108-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2012.06.003
Grydaki,
M., & Bezemer, D. (2013). The role of credit
in the Great Moderation: A multivariate GARCH approach.
Journal of Banking & Finance,
37(11), 4615-4626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.01.039
2012
Bezemer,
D. (2012). Consequences of the commodity
bubble. In The 2012 commodity report Article
Chapter 5 UNCTAD-CRAS (United Nations Conference on Trade and
Development - Commodity Research Analysis Section).
Bezemer,
D. (2012). Credit cycles. In J. Toporowski,
& J. Michell (Eds.), The handbook of critical issues in
finance (pp. 66-76). Edward Elgar Publishing.
Hudson,
M., & Bezemer, D. (2012). Incorporating the
rentier sectors into a financial model. World
Economic Review, 1(1), 1-12. http://wer.worldeconomicsassociation.org/papers/incorporating-the-rentier-sectors-into-a-financial-model/
Bezemer,
D. (2012). Lessen uit de crisis: waarom we opnieuw
moeten nadenken over geld. Tijdschrift voor
Politieke Economie, 6(3), 63-73. http://www.tpedigitaal.nl/archief/3-2012/paper/276
Bezemer,
D. J. (2012). The economy as a complex system: The
balance sheet dimension. Advances in Complex
Systems, 15(5), Article 1250047. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0219525912500476
2011
Bezemer,
D. (2011). Flow of fund models and financial
instability anticipations. In O. Dejuán, E. Febrero,
& C. Marcuzzo (Eds.), The first great recession of the 21st
century: competing explanations Edward Elgar Publishing.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2011). The Credit Crisis and Recession as a
Paradigm Test. Journal of Economic
Issues, 45(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.2753/JEI0021-3624450101
Bezemer,
D. J. (2011). Who predicted the crisis and what can we
learn from them? In O. Dejuan, E. Febrero, & MC.
Marcuzzo (Eds.), FIRST GREAT RECESSION OF THE 21ST CENTURY:
COMPETING EXPLANATIONS (pp. 13-32). Edward Elgar
Publishing.
2010
Headey,
D., Bezemer, D. J., & Hazell, P. L. (2010).
Agricultural employment trends in Asia and Africa: Too fast
or too slow? World Bank Research
Observer, 25(1), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/lkp028
Bezemer,
D. (2010). Finance for development.
Dutch Development Bank FMO.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2010). Understanding financial crisis through
accounting models. Accounting organizations and
society, 35(7), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aos.2010.07.002
2009
Dorward,
A., Kydd, J., Poulton, C., & Bezemer, D. (2009).
Coordination risk and cost impacts on economic development in
poor rural areas. Journal of Development
Studies, 45(7), 1093-1112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802550277
Bezemer,
D. (2009). No one saw this coming. Understanding
financial crisis through accounting models. (SOM
Research Reports; Vol. 09002). University of Groningen, SOM
research school.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2009). No one saw this coming.
Understanding financial crisis through accounting
models. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 09002). University
of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2009). This is not a credit crisis - It is a
debt crisis. Economic Affairs,
29(3), 95 - 97.
Bolt,
J., & Bezemer, D. J. (2009).
Understanding Long-Run African Growth: Colonial Institutions
or Colonial Education? Journal of Development
Studies, 45(1), 24-54. Article 906817877. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380802468603
2008
Bezemer,
D., & Headey, D. (2008). Agriculture, development,
and urban bias. World Development,
36(8), 1342-1364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.07.001
Bezemer,
D. (2008). An East Asian Renaissance: ideas for
economic growth. Asian-Pacific economic
literature, 22(2), 57-59.
Bezemer,
D. (2008). Policy reforms and agriculture development
in Central Asia. Economic Systems,
32(3), 302-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2007.10.005
Bezemer,
D., & Eggen, A. (2008). The role of poverty
reduction strategies in achieving the millennium development
goals. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 08001). University
of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Eggen, A. R. (2008). The role of
poverty reduction strategies in achieving the millennium
development goals. (SOM Research Reports; Vol. 08001).
University of Groningen, SOM research school.
2007
Bezemer,
D. J. (2007). Book Review of How rich countries got
rich and why poor countries stay poor, E. Reinert.
Journal of Development Studies,
43(8), 1524-1525.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2007). Book Review of The evolution creditary
structures and controls, G. Gardiner. Journal of
Economic Issues, XLI, 888-889.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2007). How rich countries got rich ... and why
poor countries stay poor. Journal of Development
Studies, 43(8), 1524-1525.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2007). Poverty in transition countries.
East-West Journal of Economics and Business,
IX(1), 11 - 35.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2007). The evolution of creditary structures
and controls. Journal of Economic
Issues, 41(3), 888-889.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Hazell, P. L. (2007). The global exit
from agriculture: Regional trends and projections.
(World Development Reports: Background Papers; Vol. 2008). The
World Bank.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Jong-A-Pin, R. (2007).
World on fire? Democracy, globalization and ethnic
violence. (SOM Research Reports; No. 07006). University
of Groningen, SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D., & Jong-A-Pin, R. (2007).
World on Fire? Democracy, Globalization and Ethnic
Violence. s.n.
2006
Bezemer,
D. J. (2006). Introduction. In D. J. Bezemer
(Ed.), On eagle's wings: The Albanian economy in
transition Nova Science Publishers.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2006). On eagle's wings: The Albanian
economy in transition. Nova Science Publishers.
Bezemer,
D. J., & te Velde, D. W. (2006). Regional trade
integration and foreign direct investment in developing
countries. Transnational Corporation,
15(2), 41 - 70.
Bezemer,
D. J., Stanikunas, D., & Zemeckis, R. (2006). The
decline of corporate entrprises in transitional agriculture:
Evidence from Lithuania. Comparative Economic
Studies, 48, 156 - 182.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2006). The ponzi years: growth but not
development. In D. J. Bezemer (Ed.), On eagle's wings:
The Albanian economy in transition Nova Science
Publishers.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Headey, D. (2006). Why do urban
biases persist? (06C01 ed.) University of Groningen,
SOM research school.
Bezemer,
D., & Headey, D. (2006). Why do urban biases
persist? s.n.
2005
Bezemer,
D. J. (2005). Book Review. Journal of
Socio-Economics, 34, 421 - 424.
Bezemer,
D., Balcombe, K., Davis, J., & Fraser, I. (2005).
Livelihoods and farm efficiency in rural Georgia.
Applied Economics, 37(15),
1737-1745. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036840500215253
Bezemer,
D., Dulleck, U., & Frijters, P. (2005). Social
Capital, Creative Destruction and Economic Development.
s.n.
2004
Bezemer,
D. J. (2004). Bimodal credit systems in the Czech
Republic. In D. Macey, W. Pyle, & S. Wegren (Eds.),
Building market institutions in post-communist agriculture:
land, credit, and assistance Lexington Books.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2004). Official development assistance to
agriculture. s.n.
Bezemer,
D. J., & te Velde, D. W. (2004). Regional
trade integration and foreign direct investment in developing
countries. European Union.
Bezemer,
D. J. (2004). Risk and agricultural
de-collectivisation, with evidence from the Czech Republic.
Economic Systems, 28(1), 1 -
21.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Lerman, Z. (2004). Rural livelihoods in
Armenia. Post-Communist Economies,
16(3), 334 - 348.
Bezemer,
D. J., & Davis, J. R. (2004). The development
of the rural non-farm economy in developing countries and
transition countries: key emerging and conceptual
issues. Natural Resources Institute.
Bezemer,
D. J., Davis, J. R., Janowski, M., & Wandschneider, T.
(2004). The rural non-farm economy and poverty
alleviation in Armenia, Georgia and Romania: a synthesis of
findings. National Resources Institute.
2003
Bezemer,
D. (2003). Credit Allocation and Enterprise Structures
in the Czech Republic. Comparative Economic
Studies, 45(1), 25-43.
2002
Bezemer,
D. (2002). Credit Markets for Post-Socialist
Agriculture. Europe-Asia Studies,
54(8), 1301-1317.
Bezemer,
D. (2002). De-Collectivization in Czech and Slovak
Agriculture: An Institutional Explanation. Journal
of Economic Issues, 36(3), 723-745.
2001
Bezemer,
D. (2001). Post-Socialist Financial Fragility: the
Case of Albania. Cambridge Journal of
Economics, 25(1), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1093/cje/25.1.1
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