Piersma, Prof. Theunis
Theunis Piersma is professor of Animal Ecology. Together with his international research team, he studies how the distribution and numbers of waders correlate to climate, food, predators, pathogens and their historical-genetic background. Research is being conducted within the Netherlands as well as in comparable ecosystems in Africa, Australia, North and South America and Asia.
Piersma also works as a Wadden biologist for the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ) on the island of Texel. Piersma is one of the greatest advocates of conservation of the Wadden Sea. ‘Over the past twenty years, the ecological system of our last wilderness has been steadily destroyed.’
For the past years he has concentrated, inter alia, on population studies among black-tailed godwits. He is, for example, involved in a study that tracks godwits in their breeding grounds in Friesland and during their migration to and from southern Europe and Africa via a transmitter in their abdominal cavity. In 2023, Piersma showed that black-tailed godwit migration is learned, not innate. ‘The experiment clearly shows that genetics are not the decisive factor. These godwits mainly learn from their environment. They go to school, as it were.'
In 2014 Piersma was awarded a Spinoza Prize, also referred to as the 'Dutch Nobel Prize'. In 2017 he received a top British ornithology award, followed by the Godman Salvin Prize in 2020.
Piersma is one of the main researchers of the Watch Birds project (‘Waakvogels’), launched in 2023, which will spend five years collecting information on six species that visit the Wadden Sea. 'The migratory birds tell us something about the state of the Wadden Sea,' Piersma explains. By accurately measuring how these birds fare year after year, it is possible to study what the impact of climate change is, for example.
Discovering these kinds of trends requires long-term measurements of all kinds of factors. Monitoring these birds is a job too big for an ordinary research group. Moreover, they are migratory birds, so the areas where they winter and breed also play a role. Piersma therefore previously founded the research centre BirdEyes, housed in Leeuwarden. In this international centre for climate change research and education, the UG collaborates with the Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research (NIOZ), the University of Amsterdam and the Fryske Akademy.
BirdEyes uses, among other things, the 'big data' birds provide with transmitters. Using this technology on the backs and legs of birds, a large amount of data is released. This provides a lot of information about birds' living conditions.
Previously in the news
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The Godwit’s Long, Long Nonstop Journey (New York Times)
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Piersma has been awarded a Spinoza Prize: ‘I embrace the fuzzy nature of ecology’
Contact and further information
2023
El-
Hacen, H., Lemrabott, S. Y., Meijer,
K., Piersma, T., Govers, L.,
van Gils, J., & Olff, H. (2023).
Growth and population structure of bloody cockles Senilia
senilis at Banc d’Arguin and Bijagós with different
environmental conditions and harvesting regimes.
Marine Ecology Progress Series, 710,
71-83. Article M 14291. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14291
Hooijmeijer,
J., Piersma, T., Howison,
R., Li, Y., Craft, T., Barba
Escoto, L., Stessens, M., Rakhimberdiev,
E., van der Velde, E., Veenstra,
R., Kraamwinkel, C., Onrust, J.,
Haan, de, W., Fokkema, R., Ligtelijn,
M., Lagendijk, G., Keuning, T., &
Wildschut, R. (2023). Grutto Landschap Project
Jaarverslag 2022: De staat van ons landschap: Biomonitoring van
duurzame landbouw innovaties. University of
Groningen.
Movalli,
P., Biesmeijer, K., Gkotsis, G., Alygizakis, N., Nika, M. C.,
Vasilatos, K., Kostakis, M., Thomaidis, N. S., Oswald , P.,
Oswaldova, M., Slobodnik, J., Glowacka, N., Hooijmeijer,
J., Howison, R., Dekker, R. W. R. J., van den
Brink, N., & Piersma, T. (2023). High
resolution mass spectrometric suspect screening, wide-scope target
analysis of emerging contaminants and determination of legacy
pollutants in adult black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa limosa
in the Netherlands: A pilot study.
Chemosphere, 321, Article 138145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138145
Li,
Y., Piersma, T., Hooijmeijer, J. C. E.
W., & Howison, R. A. (2023).
Land‐use intensity impacts habitat selection of
ground‐nesting farmland birds in the Netherlands.
Ecological Solutions and Evidence,
4(1), Article e12201. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12201
Bom,
R., Lindström, Å., & Piersma, T. (2023).
Predation danger during active migration: Insights from a
tagged Bar-tailed Godwit depredated by a breeding Peregrine
Falcon. Wader Study, 130,
78–81. https://doi.org/10.18194/ws.00294
Zhu,
B-R., Verhoeven, M., Hassell, C. J., Leungh, K.
K-S., Dorofeev, D., Zhang, Z., & Piersma, T.
(2023). Predicting the non-breeding distributions of the two
Asian subspecies of Black-tailed Godwit using morphological
information. Avian Research,
14, Article 100069. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2022.100069
Lok,
T., van der Geest, M., Bom, R. A., de Goeij, P.,
Piersma, T., & Bouten, W. (2023). Prey ingestion
rates revealed by back-mounted accelerometers in Eurasian
spoonbills. Animal Biotelemetry,
11(1), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40317-022-00315-w
Diallo,
A. Y., Piersma, T., van Eerden, A., Ndiaye, S., &
Ndiaye, P. I. (2023). Seasonal occurrence and daytime
behaviour of Eurasian Spoonbills Platalea leucorodia
leucorodia in Senegal’s Atlantic coastal areas.
Waterbirds, 45(2), 199-205. https://doi.org/10.1675/063.045.0210
Folmer,
E. O., Bijleveld, A. I., Holthuijsen, S., van der Meer, J.,
Piersma, T., & van der Veer, H. W. (2023).
Space–time analyses of sediment composition reveals
synchronized dynamics at all intertidal flats in the Dutch Wadden
Sea. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, 285, Article 108308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2023.108308
Loonstra,
A. H. J., Verhoeven, M. A., Both,
C., & Piersma, T. (2023).
Translocation of shorebird siblings shows intraspecific
variation in migration routines to arise after fledging.
Current Biology, 33(12),
2535-2540.e3. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2023.05.014
Lemrabott,
S. Y. C., El-Hacen, E. H. M., Piersma,
T., Sall, A. A., Sidina, E., Mahmoud, L. Y. A., Olff,
H., & van Leeuwen, A. (2023). Twenty years of
monitoring reveal overfishing of bony fish stocks in the coastal
national park Banc d’Arguin, in Mauritania.
Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater
Ecosystems, 33(8), 833-844. https://doi.org/10.1002/aqc.3948
2022
Silva-Monteiro,
M., Pehlak, H., Timonen, S., Pessa, J., Pasanen, E.,
Verhoeven, M., Loonstra, A. H. J.,
Piersma, T., Robin, F., Korniluk, M., Onwezen, M., Bongers,
M., Hamelink, J., Lembreght, F., Dunn, A., & Kleijn, D. (2023).
Cross-continental differences in Black-tailed Godwit breeding
densities are best explained by arthropod abundance in the
chick-hatching period. Journal of
Ornithology, 164(2), 287-297. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10336-022-02041-9
Jetz,
W., Tertitski, G., Kays, R., Mueller, U., Wikelski, M., &
Supporting authors (2022). Biological Earth observation with
animal sensors. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution, 37(4), 293-298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2021.11.011
Hooijmeijer,
J., Howison, R., Barba Escoto,
L., Craft, T., Stessens, M.,
Jager, K. D., Loos, B., Bonthuis, S., Hotting, M., Franken, M.,
Tijsen, W., Vries, J. J. D., & Piersma, T. (2022).
Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) in southern
Iberia, habitat description and finding colour marked birds from 1
– 26 February 2022: Portugal (Sado, Tejo & Algarve),
Spain (Doñana & Extremadura). University of
Groningen.
Hooijmeijer,
J., & Piersma, T. (2022).
Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) in southern
Spain, habitat description and finding colour marked birds from 3
– 13 October 2022: Doñana, Bonanza, Algaida &
Odiel. University of Groningen.
Henriques,
M., Catry, T., Belo, J. R., Piersma, T., Pontes, S.,
& Granadeiro, J. P. (2022). Combining multispectral and
radar imagery with machine learning techniques to map intertidal
habitats for migratory shorebirds. Remote
Sensing, 14(14), Article 3260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs14143260
Zhu,
B-R., Verhoeven, M., Velasco Saragoni,
N., Sanchez Aguilar, L., Zhang, Z., &
Piersma, T. (2022). Current breeding distributions and
predicted range shifts under climate change in two subspecies of
Black-tailed Godwits in Asia. Global Change
Biology, 28(18), 5416-5426. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16308
Piersma,
T. (2022). De ontdekking van Europa: De eerste
kanoeten op het wad, de eerste terpen op de kwelder. In J.
L. van Zanden, H. Čordašev, & E. de Bruin (Eds.),
Gevleugelde geschiedenis van Nederland: De Nederlanders en hun
vogels (pp. 31-44). Ambo/Anthos.
Verhoeven,
M., Loonstra, J., Pringle, T., Kaspersma, W.,
Whiffin, M., McBride, A. D., Sjoerdsma, P., Roodhart, C., Burgess,
M. D., Piersma, T., & Smart, J. (2022). Do
ditch-side electric fences improve the breeding productivity of
ground-nesting waders? Ecological Solutions and
Evidence, 3(2), Article e12143. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12143
Verhoeven,
M., McBride, A., Hooijmeijer, J.,
Piersma, T., & Senner, N. (2022). Earthworm
abundance and availability does not influence the reproductive
decisions of black-tailed godwits in an agricultural
grassland. Ecological Solutions and
Evidence, 3(1), Article e12125. https://doi.org/10.1002/2688-8319.12125
Peng,
H. B., Shi, J., Gan, X., Zhang, J., Ma,
C., Piersma, T., & Melville, D. S. (2022).
Efficient removal of Spartina alterniflora with low
negative environmental impacts using imazapyr.
Frontiers in Marine Science, 9,
Article 1054402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1054402
Piersma,
T., Gill, R. E., Ruthrauff, D. R., Guglielmo, C. G.,
Conklin, J. R., & Handel, C. M. (2022). Erratum
to: The Pacific as the world’s greatest theater of bird
migration: Extreme flights spark questions about physiological
capabilities, behavior, and the evolution of migratory
pathways. Ornithology,
139(3), Article ukac012. https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukac012
Mu,
T., Cai, S., Peng, H-B., Hassell, C. J., Boyle, A.,
Zhang, Z., Piersma, T., & Wilcove, D. S. (2022).
Evaluating staging habitat quality to advance the
conservation of a declining migratory shorebird, Red Knot
Calidris canutus. Journal of Applied
Ecology, 59(8), 2084-2093. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14220
Faber,
R., Alcocer Cordellat, T., Hooijmeijer, J.,
& Piersma, T. (2022). Finding and sampling
colour ringed Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) in Parque
Natural de l’Albufera (Valencia, Spain): Spring staging
February 1st till March 15th 2021. University of
Groningen.
Lu,
X., Yang, H., Piersma, T., Sun, L., Chen, Q., Jia, Y.,
Lei, G., Cheng, L., & Rao, X. (2022). Food resources for
Spoon-billed Sandpipers (Calidris pygmaea) in the mudflats
of Leizhou Bay, southern China. Frontiers in
Marine Science, 9, Article 1005327. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1005327
El-
Hacen, H., Mens, T., Bouma, T., Piersma,
T., Leroy, S. A. G., Olff, H., & Sangiorgi
, F. (2022). Fossilized diatoms as indirect indicators of the
origin of carbon stored in intertidal flats.
Frontiers in Marine Science, 9,
Article 1006847. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.1006847
Mu,
T., Choi, C. Y., Liu, Y., Piersma, T., & Wilcove,
D. S. (2022). Gaps in coastal wetlands World Heritage
list. Science, 376(6597),
1060-1061. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abq5816
Verkuil,
Y., Tavares, E. S., González, P. M., Choffe, K.,
Haddrath, O., Peck, M., Niles, L. J., Baker, A. J., Piersma,
T., & Conklin, J. R. (2022). Genetic
structure in the nonbreeding range of rufa Red Knots
suggests distinct Arctic breeding populations.
Ornithological Applications, 124(1),
1–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithapp/duab053
Conklin,
J. R., Verkuil, Y., Battley, P. F., Hassell, C.
J., ten Horn, J., Johnson, J. A., Tomkovich, P. S., Baker, A.
J., Piersma, T., & Fontaine, M.
(2022). Global flyway evolution in red knots Calidris
canutus and genetic evidence for a Nearctic refugium.
Molecular Ecology, 31(7), 2124-2139.
Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.16379
Hooijmeijer,
J., Fokkema, R., Stessens,
M., Onrust, J., Veenstra,
R., Howison, R., Barba Escoto,
L., Duriaux Chavarria, J-Y.,
Rakhimberdiev, E., Ligtelijn, M.,
Lagendijk, G., van der Velde, E.,
Kraamwinkel, C., Eren, S., Craft,
T., Venderbos, R., & Piersma, T. (2022).
Grutto Landschap Project - Jaarverslag 2021: De staat van
ons landschap: biomonitoring van duurzame landbouw
innovaties . Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
Chan,
Y-C., Tibbitts, T. L., Dorofeev, D., Hassell, C. J., &
Piersma, T. (2022). Hidden in plain sight: migration
routes of the elusive Anadyr bartailed godwit revealed by satellite
tracking. Journal of Avian Biology,
2022(8), Article e02988. https://doi.org/10.1111/jav.02988
Silva-Monteiro,
M., Scheper, J., Pehlak, H., Kurina, O., Timonen, S., Pessa, J.,
Pasanen, E., Verhoeven, M., Loonstra,
J., Piersma, T., Robin, F., Korniluk, M.,
Swiętochowski, P., Onwezen, M., Bongers, M., Hamelink, J.,
Bik, S., Lembreght, F., Dunn, A., & Kleijn, D. (2022).
Invertebrate abundance increases with vegetation productivity
across natural and agricultural wader breeding habitats in
Europe. Biological Conservation,
273, Article 109670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2022.109670
Craft,
T. B., Beaulieu, A., Piersma,
T., & Howison, R. A. (2022). Mapping
agricultural biodiversity: Legacy data and tensions between ways of
seeing fields. Frontiers in Environmental
Science, 10, Article 982925. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.982925
Rakhimberdiev,
E., Karagicheva, J., Saveliev, A., Loonstra,
J., Verhoeven, M., Hooijmeijer,
J., Schaub, M., & Piersma, T. (2022).
Misidentification errors in reencounters result in biased
estimates of survival probability from CJS models: Evidence and a
solution using the robust design. Methods in
ecology and evolution, 13(5), 1106-1118.
Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.13825
Lameris,
T., Tomkovich, P. S., Johnson, J. A., Morrison, R. I. G., Tulp, I.,
Lisovski, S., DeCicco, L., Dementyev, M., Gill Jr., R. E., ten
Horn, J., Piersma, T., Pohlen, Z., Schekkerman, H.,
Soloviev, M. Y., Syroechkovsky, E. E., Zhemchuzhnikov, M.
K., & van Gils, J. A. (2022).
Mismatch-induced growth reductions in a clade of
Arctic-breeding shorebirds are rarely mitigated by increasing
temperatures. Global Change Biology,
28, 829–847. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16025
Piersma,
T. (2022). Ornithology from the Flatlands: Socially
migrating Cuckoos? - on genes being just one of many resources
shaping the individual development of migration.
Ardea, 110(2), 107-110. https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v110.2022.a21
van
Hasselt, S. J., Piersma, T., &
Meerlo, P. (2022). Seasonal variation in rest-activity
patterns in barnacle geese: Are measurements of activity a good
indicator of sleep-wake patterns? Journal of
Experimental Biology, 225(20), jeb244177. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.244177
Das,
D., Khandakar, N., Sultana, I., Islam, S., Ali, M. S.,
Galib, A. J., Shamsuddoha, M., & Piersma, T.
(2022). Site use by non-breeding Black-tailed Godwits at
Nijhum Dweep National Park, Bangladesh. Wader
Study, 129(1). https://doi.org/10.18194/ws.00264
Navedo,
J. G., Piersma, T., Figuerola, J., &
Vansteelant, W. (2022). Spain's Doñana World
Heritage Site in danger. Science,
376(6589), 144. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abo7363
Coelho,
A. P., Henriques, M., Rocha, A. D., Paulino, J.,
Schaars, L. K., Ramos, C., de Barros, A. R., Catry, T., Granadeiro,
J. P., Piersma, T., & Alves, J. A. (2022).
Spatial and seasonal variation in macrozoobenthic density,
biomass and community composition in a major tropical intertidal
area, the Bijagós Archipelago, West-Africa.
PLoS ONE, 17(11), Article e0277861.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0277861
Henriques,
M., Belo, J. R., Sá, J., Monteiro, H., Alves, J. A.,
Piersma, T., Dodman, T., & Roomen, M. V. (2022).
The Bijagós Archipelago: A key area for waterbirds of
the East Atlantic Flyway. In M. van Roomen, G. Citegetse, O.
Crowe, T. Dodman, W. Hagemeijer, K. Meise, & H. Schekkerman
(Eds.), East Atlantic Flyway assessment 2020: The status of
coastal waterbird populations and their sites (pp. 81-93).
Wadden Sea Flyway Initiative p/a CWSS, Wilhelmshaven, Germany,
Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands, BirdLife
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van
der Winden, J., Hogeweg, N., Baaij, E., van Horssen, P. W.,
Shamoun-Baranes, J., Vos, R., & Piersma, T.
(2022). The influence of weather on the migration behaviour
of Eurasian Bitterns Botaurus stellaris. Bird
Study, 68(3), 370-380. Advance online
publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2022.2095350
Piersma,
T., Gill, Jr, R. E., Ruthrauff, D. R., Guglielmo, C.
G., Conklin, J. R., & Handel, C. M. (2022).
The Pacific as the world’s greatest theater of bird
migration: Extreme flights spark questions about physiological
capabilities, behavior, and the evolution of migratory
pathways. The Auk, 139, 1-29.
https://doi.org/10.1093/ornithology/ukab086
Vervoort,
R., Schmaltz, L., Hooijmeijer, J.,
Verkuil, Y., Kempenaers, B., & Piersma, T.
(2022). Within- and between-year variation in the presence of
individually marked Ruff Calidris pugnax at a stopover site
during northward migration. Ardea,
110(1), 41–59. https://doi.org/10.5253/arde.v110i1.a1
2021
van
Hasselt, S. J., Verhulst, S., Piersma,
T., Rattenborg, N. C., & Meerlo, P. (2022).
A comparison of continuous and intermittent EEG recordings in
geese: How much data are needed to reliably estimate sleep-wake
patterns? Journal of Sleep Research,
31(3), Article e13525. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13525
Verhoeven,
M. A., Loonstra, A. H. J., McBride, A. D.,
Kaspersma, W., Hooijmeijer, J. C. E. W., Both,
C., Senner, N. R., & Piersma, T. (2022).
Age-dependent timing and routes demonstrate developmental
plasticity in a long-distance migratory bird.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(3),
566-579. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13641
Bom,
R., Conklin, J. R., Verkuil, Y., Alves,
J. A., de Fouw, J., Dekinga, A., Hassell, C. J., Klaassen,
R., Kwarteng, A. Y., Rakhimberdiev, E., Rocha,
A., ten Horn, J., Tibbitts, T. L., Tomkovich, P. S., Victor,
R., & Piersma, T. (2022). Central-West
Siberian-breeding Bar-tailed Godwits (Limosa lapponica)
segregate in two morphologically distinct flyway
populations. Ibis, 164,
468–485. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.13024
Ersoy,
S., Beardsworth, C. E., Dekinga, A., van der Meer, M. T.
J., Piersma, T., Groothuis, T. G. G.,
& Bijleveld, A. I. (2022). Exploration speed in captivity
predicts foraging tactics and diet in free-living red knots.
Journal of Animal Ecology, 91(2),
356-366. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13632
Penning,
E., Govers, L., Dekker, R., &
Piersma, T. (2021). Advancing presence and changes in
body size of brown shrimp Crangon crangon on intertidal
flats in the western Dutch Wadden Sea, 1984–2018.
Marine Biology, 168(11), Article
160. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03967-z
Lei,
W., Wu, Y., Wu, F., Piersma, T., Zhang, Z., &
Masero, J. A. (2021). Artificial wetlands as breeding
habitats for shorebirds: A case study on Pied Avocets in
China’s largest saltpan complex. Frontiers
in Ecology and Evolution, 9, Article 622756.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.622756
Henriques,
M., Granadeiro, J. P., Piersma, T., Leão, S.,
Pontes, S., & Catry, T. (2021). Assessing the
contribution of mangrove carbon and of other basal sources to
intertidal flats adjacent to one of the largest West African
mangrove forests. Marine Environmental
Research, 169, Article 105331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105331
Piersma,
T., & Gutiérrez, J. S. (2021). Bird
migration: Flying high to avoid overheating?
Current Biology, 31(15),
R948–R971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.06.066
Hooijmeijer,
J., Fokkema, R., & Piersma, T.
(2021). Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa limosa) in
Southwest Spain from Rio Barbate to Rio Odiel, habitat description
and finding ringed birds from 1 – 11 October
2021. University of Groningen.
van
Hasselt, S. J., Hut, R. A., Allocca, G.,
Vyssotski, A. L., Piersma, T., Rattenborg, N.
C., & Meerlo, P. (2021). Cloud cover
amplifies the sleep-suppressing effect of artificial light at night
in geese. Environmental Pollution,
273, Article 116444. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116444
Zhu,
B-R., Verkuil, Y. I., Conklin, J.
R., Yang, A., Lei, W., Alves, J. A., Hassell, C. J.,
Dorofeev, D., Zhang, Z., & Piersma, T. (2021).
Discovery of a morphologically and genetically distinct
population of Black-tailed Godwits in the East Asian-Australasian
Flyway. Ibis, 163(2),
448-462. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12890
Zhang,
S., Bai, Q., Melville, D. S., Feng, C., Piersma,
T., & Ma, Z. (2021). Food supplementation as a
conservation intervention: A framework and a case of helping
threatened shorebirds at a refuelling site.
Biological Conservation, 264,
Article 109394. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2021.109394
Hooijmeijer,
J. (Ed.), van der Velde, E., Fokkema,
R., Howison, R., Onrust, J.,
Rakhimberdiev, E., Saarloos, A., Groenhof, E., Zeegers,
T., & Piersma, T. (2021). Grutto
Landschap Project - Jaarverslag 2020: De staat van ons landschap:
biomonitoring van duurzame landbouw innovaties.
Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://www.globalflywaynetwork.org/gfn/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Grutto-Landschap-Project-2020-Jaarverslag-.pdf
Piersma,
T. (Author). (2021). Het gif van de
grutto-weide. Web publication/site, Vogelbescherming
Nederland. https://www.vogelbescherming.nl/actueel/bericht/het-gif-van-de-grutto-weide
Zhu,
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