PWT 9.1
PWT version 9.1 is a database with information on relative levels of income, output, input and productivity, covering 182 countries between 1950 and 2017. Access to the data is provided below:
User information
(DOI: 10.15141/S50T0R)
If you are new to PWT, please consult the User Guide to PWT 9.1 for further information and a guide to the available documentation. This Vox column is a good starting point as well. If you are an experienced PWT user, please consult What is new in PWT 9.1.
To stay informed about new releases, follow us on Twitter @PennWorldTable.
Attribution requirement - When using these data (for whatever purpose), please make the following reference:
- Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt
For questions not covered in the documentation, please contact pwt@rug.nl.

License and funding
Penn World Table 9.1 by Robert C. Feenstra, Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer is licensed under a
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
. This research received support through grants from the National Science Foundation, the Sloan Foundation and the Transatlantic Platform’s Digging into Data program.
Selective data access
Query | Variable Name and Use | Example |
---|---|---|
RGDPNA | Real GDP using national-accounts growth rates, for studies comparing (output-based) growth rates across countries | Dependent variable in (cross-country) growth regressions |
CGDPe | Expenditure-side real GDP at current PPPs, to compare relative living standards across countries at a single point in time | Initial level in growth regressions requiring relative living standards |
CGDPo | Output-side real GDP at current PPPs, to compare relative productive capacity across countries at a single point in time | Initial level in growth regressions requiring productive capacity or productivity |
RGDPe | Expenditure-side real GDP at chained PPPs, to compare relative living standards across countries and over time | Living standards of China today compared to the US at some point in the past |
RGDPo | Output-side real GDP at chained PPPs, to compare relative productive capacity across countries and over time | Productive capacity of China today compared to the US at some point in the past |
DA | Development accounting, the sources of differences in living standards at a point in time | Is the US richer because of more inputs, higher productivity, or both? |
GA | Growth accounting, the sources of economic growth over time | Analysis of the sources of economic growth over time |
Notes: Real GDP variables are in (millions) of US dollars, not in per-capita terms. A population variable (acronym pop), which can be used to convert GDP into per-capita terms, is included in the relevant queries. |
Documentation
Document | Content |
---|---|
The Next Generation of the Penn World Table |
Paper introducing new concepts and new results of PWT, starting with version 8.
|
Capital Services in PWT 9.1 |
The composition of capital and cross-country productivity comparisons |
Additional data and programs
File | Content |
---|---|
NA data (Stata, Excel) | The National Accounts data in current and constant national prices and exchange rate and population data |
Trade detail | Exports and imports by Broad Economic Category, including shares in CGDPo and price levels |
Labor detail | Details on the sources and methods for compiling employment, educational attainment and labor share data |
Capital detail | Investment, capital stock and capital consumption data by assets. |
Program package (coming soon) | The Stata data files and do-files necessary to replicate and customize PWT |
Expenditure share correlations | Bilateral correlations between expenditure (budget) shares in the different global benchmark years |
NA vintages (2009, 2010, 2011) | Older vintages of NA data with data up to the indicated year |
ICP benchmark data (1970, 1975, 1980, 1985, 1996) | PPPs and expenditure at the most detailed level for publicly available benchmark years |
Last modified: | 26 September 2019 10.40 p.m. |